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SHINKAWA VM-5C SST-2194-001-P001G

BLDC and stepper motors are polyphase motors that require an external control unit to function properly. To better understand the differences between different types of motors and their control systems, we need to understand the basic principles that make motors work.

All motors have a magnetized shaft called a rotor. The rotor is surrounded by an armature, which is also magnetized in some way. The polarity difference between the armature and the rotor creates a force that causes the rotor to rotate within the armature. Unlike brush motors that use magnets on the armature, the magnets in BLDC motors are located on the rotor and the permanent magnets are located on the armature.

This arrangement allows the motor to operate without the need for a physical brush inside the motor. Without a brush, the motor does require an external control system to switch the polarity of the electromagnet to make the rotor turn a full circle. As mentioned earlier, Hall effect control and FOC are two ways to control the polarity inside a BLDC motor from the outside.

SHINKAWA VM-5C SST-2194-001-P001G

Orthogonal force and magnetic flux

The FOC controls the motor torque by changing the current. However, this process is much more complicated than simply changing the current to change the torque value. When the rotor rotates inside the armature, only the orthogonal forces are used to produce torque. Orthogonal forces or fluxes are currents that are not orthogonal, and these two force values produce the total torque value within the motor.

BLDC motors usually consist of three permanent magnets placed 120 degrees apart in the stator. When the rotor's electromagnet is energized in the stator's permanent magnet body, an orthogonal force is generated. Then the axis can begin to rotate; At this stage, the forces on the axis begin to change from orthogonal or directly to orthogonal or flux. If the state of the electromagnet is unchanged, the motor will stall when the magnetic field reaches equilibrium and the magnetic flux component reaches its maximum.

SHINKAWA VM-5C SST-2194-001-P001G